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Einstein refused surgery, saying, "I want to go when I want. It is tasteless to prolong life artificially. I have done my share; it is time to go. I will do it elegantly." [205] He died in the University Medical Center of Princeton at Plainsboro early the next morning at the age of 76, having continued to work until near the end. [206] Albert Einstein ( / ˈ aɪ n s t aɪ n/ EYEN-styne; [4] German: [ˈalbɛɐt ˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn] ⓘ; 14 March 1879– 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely held to be one of the greatest and most influential scientists of all time. Best known for developing the theory of relativity, Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics, and was thus a central figure in the revolutionary reshaping of the scientific understanding of nature that modern physics accomplished in the first decades of the twentieth century. [1] [5] His mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc 2, which arises from relativity theory, has been called "the world's most famous equation". [6] He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect", [7] a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory. His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. [8] [9] In a 1999 poll of 130 leading physicists worldwide by the British journal Physics World, Einstein was ranked the greatest physicist of all time. [10] His intellectual achievements and originality have made the word Einstein broadly synonymous with genius. [11] a b c d e During the German Empire and Weimar Republic, Germans were exclusively subjects or citizens of one of the 27 Bundesstaaten. The main difference between these and wooden pencil leads is that a polymer replaced the clay as a binder for added strength.
The softest mechanical pencil lead grade is 4B because of the thin diameter of mechanical pencil lead compared to wooden pencil lead. This aversion to war also led Einstein to befriend author Upton Sinclair and film star Charlie Chaplin, both noted for their pacifism. Carl Laemmle, head of Universal Studios, gave Einstein a tour of his studio and introduced him to Chaplin. They had an instant rapport, with Chaplin inviting Einstein and his wife, Elsa, to his home for dinner. Chaplin said Einstein's outward persona, calm and gentle, seemed to conceal a "highly emotional temperament", from which came his "extraordinary intellectual energy". [124]
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In late 2013, a team led by the Irish physicist Cormac O'Raifeartaigh discovered evidence that, shortly after learning of Hubble's observations of the recession of the galaxies, Einstein considered a steady-state model of the universe. [257] [258] In a hitherto overlooked manuscript, apparently written in early 1931, Einstein explored a model of the expanding universe in which the density of matter remains constant due to a continuous creation of matter, a process that he associated with the cosmological constant. [259] [260] As he stated in the paper, "In what follows, I would like to draw attention to a solution to equation (1) that can account for Hubbel's [ sic] facts, and in which the density is constant over time" ... "If one considers a physically bounded volume, particles of matter will be continually leaving it. For the density to remain constant, new particles of matter must be continually formed in the volume from space." In 1912, Einstein entered into a relationship with Elsa Löwenthal, who was both his first cousin on his mother's side and his second cousin on his father's. [48] [49] [50] When Marić learned of his infidelity soon after moving to Berlin with him in April 1914, she returned to Zürich, taking Hans Albert and Eduard with her. [38] Einstein and Marić were granted a divorce on 14 February 1919 on the grounds of having lived apart for five years. [51] [52] As part of the divorce settlement, Einstein agreed that if he were to win a Nobel Prize, he would give the money that he received to Marić; she had to wait only two years before her foresight in extracting this promise from him was rewarded. [53] See also: Theory of relativity and Einstein field equations Eddington's photograph of a solar eclipse
Pilot Color Eno Neox is a superb 0.7 mm colored mechanical pencil lead. It is a smooth writing lead with 8 vibrant colors to choose from. Uni Nano Dia Color LeadEinstein also invented an electromagnetic pump, [302] sound reproduction device, [302] and several other household devices. [303] Non-scientific legacy Einstein (second from left) at a picnic in Oslo in 1920. Heinrich Goldschmidt is at the left, Ole Colbjørnsen in the center and Jørgen Vogt sits behind Ilse Einstein. May 2009) [May 1949]. "Why Socialism? (Reprise)". Monthly Review. New York: Monthly Review Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 January 2006 . Retrieved 16 January 2006– via MonthlyReview.org. There is some evidence from Einstein's writings that he collaborated with his first wife, Mileva Marić. In 13 December 1900, a first article on capillarity signed only under his name was submitted. The decision to publish only under his name seems to have been mutual, but the exact reason is unknown. [38] 1905 – Annus Mirabilis papers
Historians of physics are divided on the question of the extent to which Marić contributed to the insights of Einstein's annus mirabilis publications. There is at least some evidence that he was influenced by her scientific ideas, [38] [39] [40] but there are scholars who doubt whether her impact on his thought was of any great significance at all. [41] [42] [43] [44] Marriages, relationships and children Albert Einstein and Mileva Marić Einstein, 1912 Albert Einstein and Elsa Einstein, 1930 For Einstein, "war was a disease... [and] he called for resistance to war." By signing the letter to Roosevelt, some argue he went against his pacifist principles. [156] In 1954, a year before his death, Einstein said to his old friend, Linus Pauling, "I made one great mistake in my life—when I signed the letter to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made; but there was some justification—the danger that the Germans would make them..." [157] In 1955, Einstein and ten other intellectuals and scientists, including British philosopher Bertrand Russell, signed a manifesto highlighting the danger of nuclear weapons. [158] In 1960 Einstein was included posthumously as a charter member of the World Academy of Art and Science (WAAS), [159] an organization founded by distinguished scientists and intellectuals who committed themselves to the responsible and ethical advances of science, particularly in light of the development of nuclear weapons.Regarding which brand of mechanical pencil lead is the strongest, Pentel AIN STEIN is widely regarded as the most robust mechanical pencil lead compared to the other brands. 8. 8B Mechanical Pencil Lead
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