Demons of Urban Reform: Early European Witch Trials and Criminal Justice, 1430-1530 (Palgrave Historical Studies in Witchcraft and Magic)

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The consultation document sought views on extending permission in principle to cover major development. The Government argued that this change too would benefit SMEs. Dean continued: “We’re launching a new service at Exchange Quay with AJ Bell to offer a wellbeing service for all their staff, as well as working with Capital and Centric to provide services for their residents. Memorandum from Branch to Mr. Bailey, Oct. 26, 1914; 1917 Program of Work; and Program of Work for Fiscal Year 1919, CMDP, box 1, RG 83, NA. Washington Topham, "Northern Liberty Market," Records of the Columbia Historical Society 24 (1920): 43–66. On the rise of the corporation, see Alan Trachtenberg, The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age (1982). But by combining specific expertise and capabilities from different organisations, which complement and bolster one another, disparate groups can collaborate to effectively achieve common goals. For example, public organisation brings regulatory and budgetary powers, civil society organisations (CSOs) play an instrumental role in mobilising communities and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) contribute significant resources and expertise, while universities and research centres facilitate the development of innovative solutions.

Clyde Lyndon King, ed., Reducing the Cost of Food Distribution (1913), pp. 102–165, 252–260; quotation, p. 104. The newest menu has once again been created by founder Nico Simeone, following aSome welcomed the proposed changes. In the press release accompanying the white paper, the CEO of Gleeson Homes, James Thomson, offered strong support for the proposals and particularly the commitment to build 300,000 new homes a year. In the same press release, the chief UK policy director of the Confederation of British Industry, Matthew Fell, said that the proposed reforms would allow housebuilders to get to work and good quality homes could help meet climate targets. The Chief Executive of Network Homes, Helen Evans, welcomed the proposals which would (she said) help increase the delivery of affordable homes. A brand-new flexible zoning code designed by national and devolved governments for local governments to use in local plans, with a small number of different mixed-use zones corresponding to different types of neighbourhood. For example, skyscrapers would be suitable in a city centre zone and polluting industrial activity in industrial zones, but neither would be allowed alongside homes and light commercial uses in a suburban living zone.

The August 2020 newsletter(PDF) from the chief planner at the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG, now the Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities, DLUHC) summarised the proposed changes, which cover four main areas of policy: Can cities withstand the social, economic, and migratory challenges they face today, or will a new model prove to be the answer for Americans seeking better opportunities for their families? Cities will continue to thrive, but they seem politically and economically not well-suited for middle- and working-class families of all races. Alice Shorett and Murray Morgan, The Pike Place Market: People, Politics, and Produce (1982); Spitzer and Baum, Public Markets and Community Revitalization, pp. 19–20.Even if planning reform and the resulting increase in construction meant house prices declined only to the average for rich countries, that would still entail much greater amounts of space, quality, and choice in where and how people in England live than they can afford today. Samul L. Rogers, Municipal Markets in Cities Having a Population of Over 30,000, Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (1918), table 3.

Standard method for calculating housing need: The consultation proposed to amend the standard method, which must be used unless “exceptional circumstances” justify another approach. However, if a comprehensive bill introducing flexible zoning is passed and implemented by local authorities within a Parliament, the full benefits will likely only begin to be felt in the years after as it will take time to build new homes and commercial buildings and for the market to adjust. Failing to do planning reform means though that the shortage of homes will continue indefinitely. New rules stating that planning proposals which comply with a zone-based local plan and building regulations must be granted planning permission. Progressive reformers also looked for ways in which public markets-old and new—might contribute to improved public hygiene and social conditions. In 1916 Donald Armstrong, speaking before the American Medical Association, argued that public markets were more efficient than "individualistic" food retailing establishments at maintaining public hygiene. By bringing producer and consumer together under one roof, said Armstrong, local government could not only effect economies of scale and eliminate the cost of delivery but also enhance the "directness and simplicity with which the sanitary control can be established." 45

The Government announcedin March 2021 that the proposed change to enable change of use from Class E commercial, business and service to C3 residential would go ahead, with a size limit of 1500m 2 to the change of use and a requirement that the building had been vacant for three months before the date of application. To prevent gaming, the right would apply only to buildings which had been in commercial, business and service use for two years. The new PDR is therefore subject to some conditions and limits not foreshadowed in the consultation. Other changes to PDRs were also made. The 64-year-old went on to say, “I’ve made some great friends during my time in radio. Too many to mention here. Not just people I’ve worked alongside but listeners too. Some of the greatest human beings I know. Nevertheless, the economics of planning reform will indirectly help advance ‘levelling up’ by increasing disposable incomes, including in prosperous places . If average housing costs of the least affordable places fall, then as consumption of goods and services increases in response, ‘exports’ from cities with cheaper housing costs will rise to satisfy this new demand.